Trigger Points: cosa sono i noduli dolorosi nei muscoli e come liberarsene! / Trigger Points: What Are Painful Muscle Nodules and How to Get Rid of Them?
Trigger Points: cosa sono i noduli dolorosi nei muscoli e come liberarsene! / Trigger Points: What Are Painful Muscle Nodules and How to Get Rid of Them?
Segnalato dal Dott. Giuseppe Cotellessa / Reported by Dr. Giuseppe Cotellessa
Un Trigger Point (TP) è un’area di ipersensibilità muscolare che si sviluppa a seguito di contratture localizzate, coinvolgendo piccole porzioni di tessuto muscolare e la fascia circostante. Queste aree si manifestano clinicamente come noduli palpabili, noti anche come “nodi dolorosi”. Sebbene il dolore sia inizialmente focalizzato nella zona del trigger point, spesso si irradia verso altre aree del corpo, lontane dal punto di origine (dolore irradiato). La contrattura muscolare e la tensione fasciale che ne derivano possono limitare il normale movimento e compromettere la funzionalità articolare.
Meccanismo di Formazione dei Trigger Points
I trigger points si formano a causa di un disfunzionamento neuromuscolare che porta alla contrazione persistente di una parte delle fibre muscolari. Questo accade quando c’è un rilascio anomalo di acetilcolina dalle terminazioni nervose motorie. Normalmente, l’acetilcolina è la sostanza chimica che trasmette l’impulso nervoso, inducendo la contrazione muscolare. Tuttavia, nei trigger points, l’acetilcolina viene rilasciata in modo eccessivo e continuo, causando una contrazione costante delle fibre muscolari.
Fattori Scatenanti
- Vizi posturali
- Sovraccarico muscolare
- Stress psicologico
- Squilibri metabolici (come quelli legati a cattiva alimentazione o disidratazione).
Trattamento dei Trigger Points
- Dry Needling;
- Tecniche fisioterapiche di rilascio miofasciale: trattamenti manuali che mirano a rilassare la fascia muscolare ed a ripristinare l’equilibrio muscolare, contribuendo al miglioramento della circolazione sanguigna ed al recupero della funzionalità;
- Mesoterapia allopatica ed omotossicologica (somministrazione nel sottocute – tramite aghi specifici molto corti e sottili – di farmaci);
- Onde d’urto radiali;
- Terapia strumentale termo-inducente (ad esempio: TECAR, laser, …).
Cos’è il Dry Needling?
Quando nasce il Dry Needling?
Come funziona il Dry Needling?
- Rilascio del punto trigger: l’ago induce una contrazione locale e immediata della fibra muscolare, interrompendo il ciclo doloroso e favorendo il rilassamento del muscolo.
- Modulazione del dolore: Il Dry Needling stimola la produzione di endorfine e altre sostanze antinfiammatorie, alleviando il dolore e promuovendo il benessere
- Miglioramento della circolazione: l’inserimento dell’ago aumenta il flusso sanguigno locale, favorendo la rimozione delle sostanze di scarto e accelerando i processi riparativi.
- Effetti neurofisiologici: Il Dry Needling può influenzare il sistema nervoso centrale modulando l’attività dei neuroni e riducendo la percezione del dolore.
Quali sono le indicazioni terapeutiche?
Ha delle controindicazioni?
Chi può eseguire il Dry Needling?
Il Dry Needling è doloroso?
Quali sono le possibili complicazioni del Dry Needling?
- ematomi (piccoli lividi ne punto di inserimento dell’ago),
- infezioni (molto rare, soprattutto se vengono rispettate le norme igieniche),
- danni ai nervi (estremamente rari e solitamente associati ad un’errata tecnica),
- sintomi vegetativi (ossia reazioni del sistema nervoso autonomo come vertigini, nausea o svenimento, soprattutto in soggetti particolarmente ansiosi o sensibili).
Il Dry Needling è efficace per tutti i tipi di dolore?
Quanto dura una seduta di Dry Needling?
Quante sedute sono necessarie per ottenere risultati?
Cosa aspettarsi dopo una seduta di Dry Needling?
ENGLISH
A trigger point (TP) is an area of muscle hypersensitivity that develops as a result of localized contractures, involving small portions of muscle tissue and the surrounding fascia. These areas manifest clinically as palpable nodules, also known as "painful nodes." Although the pain is initially focused in the trigger point area, it often radiates to other areas of the body, far from the point of origin (radiating pain). The resulting muscle contracture and fascial tension can limit normal movement and compromise joint function.
Mechanism of Trigger Point Formation
Trigger points form due to a neuromuscular dysfunction that leads to the persistent contraction of a portion of the muscle fibers. This occurs when there is an abnormal release of acetylcholine from motor nerve endings. Normally, acetylcholine is the chemical that transmits nerve impulses, inducing muscle contraction. However, at trigger points, acetylcholine is released excessively and continuously, causing constant contraction of the muscle fibers.
This persistent contraction impedes proper blood circulation in the affected area, causing local ischemia. Ischemia leads to a buildup of metabolites, such as lactate, which are not efficiently eliminated, and to a lack of oxygen. These metabolites are one of the main causes of trigger point-associated pain. Furthermore, the constant contraction of the muscle fibers alters neuronal sensitivity: afferent neurons in the affected area become more sensitive to stimuli, amplifying the perception of pain, which can radiate along the innervation pathway of the affected muscle.
Triggering Factors
Motor neuron hyperactivity and the formation of trigger points can be caused by various factors, including:
Postural defects
Muscle overload
Psychological stress
Metabolic imbalances (such as those related to poor nutrition or dehydration).
Trigger Point Treatment
Trigger point treatment focuses on reducing muscle contracture, relieving pain, and restoring muscle function. Various therapeutic techniques can be combined with pharmacological therapy (anti-inflammatories and painkillers), including:
Dry needling;
Myofascial release physiotherapy techniques: manual treatments that aim to relax the muscle fascia and restore muscle balance, contributing to improved blood circulation and recovery of function;
Allopathic and homotoxicological mesotherapy (subcutaneous administration of medications through very short and thin needles);
Radial shockwave therapy;
Instrumental thermo-inducing therapy (e.g., TECAR, laser, etc.).
Prompt and effective trigger point treatment is essential to reduce painful symptoms and improve the patient's mobility and quality of life.
We asked Dr. Francesco Versiglia, Physiatrist and Medical Director of Juventus F.C.'s Core Activities, spoke to us specifically about trigger point treatment using dry needling, as he is the proponent of this technique at our centers.
Dry needling, literally translated as "dry acupuncture," is a therapeutic technique that has gained increasing popularity in recent years in the fields of physical therapy and rehabilitation.
Unlike traditional acupuncture, which is based on the energetic principles of Traditional Chinese Medicine, dry needling focuses on the biomechanical and neurophysiological aspects of
muscle tissue.
What is dry needling?
It is a minimally invasive technique that involves inserting a thin, sterile needle into a muscle at a trigger point.
When did dry needling originate?
The origins of dry needling can be traced back to the 1940s, when doctors began noticing the beneficial effects of injecting local anesthetics into trigger points. Subsequently, it was realized that the therapeutic effect was primarily related to the needle prick, not the actual injection.
How does dry needling work?
The precise mechanism of action of dry needling is not yet fully understood, but it is believed that inserting the needle into the skin and trigger point triggers a series of physiological responses at the local and central levels:
Trigger point release: The needle induces an immediate local contraction of the muscle fiber, interrupting the pain cycle and promoting muscle relaxation.
Pain modulation: Dry needling stimulates the production of endorphins and other anti-inflammatory substances, alleviating pain and promoting well-being.
Improved circulation: The insertion of the needle increases local blood flow, promoting the removal of waste products and accelerating repair processes.
Neurophysiological effects: Dry needling can influence the central nervous system by modulating neuronal activity and reducing the perception of pain.
What are the therapeutic indications?
Dry needling is particularly indicated for the treatment of numerous musculoskeletal conditions, such as myofascial pain, tension headaches, temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders, cervical and lumbar spine pain, muscle overload in athletes, and many other conditions characterized by primarily muscle-related pain.
Does it have any contraindications?
Like any invasive treatment, Dry Needling has some contraindications, including conditions or bleeding disorders, skin infections, pregnancy, and the presence of a pacemaker or other implantable device.
Who can perform Dry Needling?
Dry Needling should be performed only by qualified healthcare professionals specifically trained in this technique. It is important to note that in Italy, only licensed and specifically trained physicians can perform this technique.
Is Dry Needling painful?
The sensation during treatment can vary from patient to patient. Some describe a sensation of discomfort or burning when the needle is inserted, while others feel nothing. After insertion, a feeling of heaviness or muscle cramps may be felt, which is considered normal and a sign that the trigger point is responding to the treatment (known as a "twitch response").
What are the possible complications of Dry Needling?
Although Dry Needling is generally considered a safe technique, complications can occur, although they are rare.
The most common include:
hematomas (small bruises at the needle insertion site),
infections (very rare, especially if proper hygiene is observed),
nerve damage (extremely rare and usually associated with incorrect technique),
vegetative symptoms (i.e., autonomic nervous system reactions such as dizziness, nausea, or fainting, especially in highly anxious or sensitive individuals).
Is Dry Needling effective for all types of pain?
Dry needling has proven effective in treating numerous musculoskeletal disorders, but it is not a panacea. The effectiveness of the treatment depends on several factors, including the cause of the pain, the duration of symptoms, and the individual patient's response. It is important to consult a professional to determine if Dry Needling is the most appropriate therapy.
How long does a Dry Needling session last?
The duration of a session varies depending on the area being treated and the complexity of the clinical situation. Typically, sessions last 15 to 30 minutes, but longer sessions may be necessary for more complex treatments.
How many sessions are needed to achieve results?
The number of sessions varies from patient to patient and depends on the nature of the problem. Some may notice improvement after a few sessions, while others may require a longer treatment.
What to expect after a Dry Needling session?
After the session, it is normal to feel some mild discomfort or soreness in the treated area. It is important to follow your healthcare professional's instructions to promote healing.
Dry Needling has established itself as an effective therapeutic technique for the treatment of numerous musculoskeletal disorders. Inserting needles into myofascial trigger points triggers a series of physiological mechanisms that help reduce pain, improve mobility, and promote muscle relaxation. Due to its effectiveness and safety, this technique is gaining increasing popularity in the rehabilitation field. Although the scientific evidence supporting Dry Needling is constantly growing, it is important to underline that this technique is not suitable for everyone and that it does not replace traditional medical treatments but can supplement them, fitting into the "Complementary Medicine" trend.
Da:
https://www.medicallab.it/trigger-points-cosa-sono-i-noduli-dolorosi-nei-muscoli-e-come-liberarsene/

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