Oncocercosi / Onchocerciasis
Oncocercosi / Onchocerciasis
Segnalato dal Dott. Giuseppe Cotellessa / Reported by Dr. Giuseppe Cotellessa
Oncocercosi
L’oncocercosi, detta anche cecità fluviale, è una malattia infettiva degli occhi provocata da un parassita ed è trasmessa dalla puntura di una mosca nera che vive soprattutto nelle zone fluviali. L’oncocercosi è la seconda causa infettiva di cecità al mondo.
ENGLISH
Onchocerciasis
Onchocerciasis, also known as river blindness, is an infectious eye disease caused by a parasite and transmitted by the bite of a black fly that lives primarily in riverine areas. Onchocerciasis is the second leading infectious cause of blindness worldwide.
What is onchocerciasis (river blindness)?
Onchocerciasis, or river blindness, is the second leading infectious cause of blindness worldwide. It is one of the five most common neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), affecting over 1 billion of the world's poorest and most marginalized people. The infection is caused by the larvae of Onchocerca volvulus, a filariform parasite, and is transmitted by the bite of a black fly that lives primarily in riverine areas.
Onchocerciasis: Symptoms
Onchocerciasis affects the skin (with nodules and dermatitis) and the eyes. In the first case, it manifests with subcutaneous nodules, swollen lymph nodes, swelling, and hernias. In the case of dermatitis, the most obvious symptom is intense itching and skin lesions.
If the eyes are involved, onchocerciasis can cause moderate vision loss or even complete blindness. The latter is caused by a corneal disease (keratitis), which, when associated with an eye infection, causes damage to the retina due to scarring and degeneration of nerve tissue.
Onchocerciasis around the world
Onchocerciasis is the second leading cause of infectious blindness worldwide (after trachoma), with 800,000 people experiencing vision loss and 270,000 blinded by the disease. Over 100 million people live in endemic areas. Onchocerciasis is most prevalent in tropical and sub-Saharan Africa. Communities located near streams or rivers are most affected by the infection.
How onchocerciasis is spread
After the fly bites, the parasites penetrate the skin and spread throughout the body—including the eyes—causing inflammation and itching.
Eye inflammation can lead to blindness.
When an already infected person is bitten by another fly, the parasite is transferred to the new fly, acting as a vector for the spread of the disease.
Onchocerciasis: Treatment and Cure
Onchocerciasis must be treated with an annual dose of the antiparasitic ivermectin.
There is no vaccine to prevent it, but with early administration of ivermectin, the infection can be stopped.
The WHO recommends treating onchocerciasis with ivermectin at least annually for at least 12–15 years in endemic areas to eliminate transmission, corresponding to the lifespan of adult Onchocerca volvulus.
In some countries, the parasite coexists with the filarial parasite (Cameroon, the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Nigeria, and South Sudan).
Da:
https://www.cbmitalia.org/cosa-facciamo/cecita-e-disabilita-visive/oncocercosi/
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