Quindi oggi siamo soddisfatti, ma consapevoli che molto resta ancora da fare sulla strada delle cosiddette “Terapie Cellulari”, che sempre più si confermano come un’importante strategia terapeutica nei tumori più difficili da curare con le terapie convenzionali. La terapia cellulare, oltre ad essere potenzialmente molto efficace, promette anche di ridurre se non eliminare gli effetti negativi associati ai trattamenti di chemio-radioterapia, che al momento restano ancora il più efficace presidio nella lotta contro il cancro.
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The therapies to fight cancer mark another important step: if the 'selective' therapies, which point to sick cells while saving healthy ones, represent the new frontier for example in lung cancer, the cure for leukemia goes through gene therapy, a sort of 'reprogramming' of the cells of the immune system to recognize and attack the diseased cells. The doctors of the Bambino Gesù Hospital in Rome used it with a 4-year-old boy suffering from acute lymphoblastic leukemia, refractory to conventional therapies. He is the first Italian patient treated with this revolutionary method.
One month after the infusion of the reprogrammed cells in the laboratories of the Bambin Gesù - we read on the Ansa -, the baby is well and has been discharged: in the marrow no more leukemic cells are present.
The lymphocytes of the small patient, suffering from acute lymphoblastic leukemia, were then manipulated and redirected against the tumor target. The academic study is of the Pediatric Hospital of Rome (Opbg) and is promoted by AIRC, Ministry of Health and the Lazio Region. According to Franco Locatelli, director of the Department of Onco-Hematology Pediatrics, Cell Therapy and Hospital Gene, this is an "innovative approach to the treatment of cancer" and for Bruno Dallapiccola, scientific director of the OPBG, the technique is "a stone miliary in the field of personalized medicine ".
The cell manipulation technique of the patient's immune system is part of the so-called gene therapy or immunotherapy, one of the most innovative and promising strategies in cancer research.
How Yescarta works, the therapy that turns cells into cancer killers
For now the results concern haematological tumors, but the goal is to be able to widen the audience of the aggressive neoplasia.
The gene therapy approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (called 'Yescarta' and produced by Kite Pharma) is part of the immunocellular therapies, specifically the adoptive cellular immunotherapy. In our body, each T-cell is specific to an antigen and thanks to the specificity of recognition, these cells of the immune system can selectively target virus or fungi antigens preserving and defending the body from numerous diseases. The specificity of recognition is conferred by TCR - receptor of T lymphocytes - a molecule present on the cell surface of the lymphocyte.
Foster cell immunotherapy
The basic procedure of adoptive cellular immunotherapy is to produce chimeric T lymphocytes, ie laboratory-engineered lymphocytes, in order to respond more effectively to the tumor once they are re-infused in the body. In practice, the T cells (cells of the immune system) are taken from the patients and, using an inactivated virus, is inserted into the DNA of the cells a gene that codes for a receptor called CAR (Chimeric Antigen Receptor), specific for the cell antigen tumor (in the case of leukemia CD19). In this way, the lymphocytes become real anti-tumor killer. The lymphocytes thus obtained are then re-infused in the patient who becomes himself, in a certain sense, able to kill the tumor.
Reprogram the cells
Thanks to this type of therapy, it is possible to reprogram the patient's cells so that they become capable of killing cancer. In other words, you have the ability to turn patients' cells into a sort of "vital drug" by teaching them to recognize cancer cells and attack them to destroy them. In practice it is the same immune system as an individual that is partly modified to deal with the tumor. However, this therapy presents two important critical points.
First of all, very high costs (treatment, which consists of a single re-infusion of the modified lymphocytes is about 400 thousand dollars).
Then there are the side effects that can go from flu symptoms to cytokine release syndrome, which can also have fatal consequences.
Hence the indication of the Food and Drug Administration: "The centers that administer the therapy must be certified and the administration must be preceded by a careful risk assessment".
The aggressive neoplasms
This does not mean that adoptive cellular immunotherapy is a very innovative approach. "For now, the results concern haematological cancers, but the hope is that they will soon be able to enlarge the area of cancer that can be attacked in this way," as Carl June, director of the translational research unit at the University of Pennsylvania and pioneer of new treatment. For application on solid tumors the difficulty is that the cells of these tumors present many different antigens and it is rare that we can identify an antigen present in all the tumor cells, and therefore suitable for the application of this therapy.
The approval of the Yescarta therapy by the Food and Drug Administration is good news for patients and for cancer research: it applies to adult lymphomas a procedure that until recently was limited to childhood leukemia, opening the doors to hope to be able to extend it to solid tumors in the future.
The principle is not new
The principle of activation of the patient's immune system to destroy the haematological tumor (leukemia, lymphoma, myeloma) is not new. It is the mechanism underlying allogeneic transplantation (bone marrow transplantation from an external donor), which has saved and continues to save thousands of lives in the world. In summary, once a compatible donor is found, a sample of its marrow is transferred to the recipient, to ensure that the donor's lymphocytes are activated against the tumor. However, these "new" lymphocytes are activated against all host cells, both tumor and non-tumor, bad and good, causing high levels of toxicity.
What activates the Yescarta therapy
Yescarta therapy overcomes this problem because the patient's own lymphocytes are activated, through a gene manipulation, so that they turn against their tumor cells, largely saving healthy ones.
We know that the method works because immunotherapy with gene therapy is already used against childhood leukemia with excellent results. The procedure had been developed by Carl June in Philadelphia about five years ago. Many will remember the healed girl who was received by the then President Obama and who asked the question "What do you ask the President of the United States" answered "A justification because I skipped school". That child was treated with June's therapy.
Effective in adult lymphomas
The great news announced today is that this same therapy is effective - although at the moment in about 50% of cases - in adult lymphomas, and since these hematological tumors are the most similar to solid tumors, the hope is raised to extend the use of complex tumors to date that are untreatable to date. The data in itself is in fact extraordinary because incurable diseases - as are some lymphomas in a very advanced stage - from today have a perspective of concrete care.
The two roads to go
I have believed in this type of immunotherapy since the beginning, so much so that already four years ago I directed one of my students, Dr. Marco Ruella, to work in the group of Prof. Carl June and currently Dr. Ruella is having important results in the field of immunotherapy with genetically modified cells. At IEO we know this innovative approach to care very well and we also have lab research projects in progress, which investigate in two directions: the first is the reduction of toxicity, which is still too high, the second is the increase in effectiveness, because 50% is an excellent result but we need to do more and achieve lasting results over time.
Eliminate the negative effects
So today we are satisfied, but aware that much still remains to be done on the road of the so-called "Cellular Therapies", which are increasingly confirmed as an important therapeutic strategy in the most difficult tumors to treat with conventional therapies. Cell therapy, in addition to being potentially very effective, also promises to reduce if not eliminate the negative effects associated with chemo-radiotherapy treatments, which currently remain the most effective garrison in the fight against cancer.
Da:
https://quifinanza.it/innovazione/leucemia-bimbo-salvato-con-terapia-genica-a-roma-e-la-prima-volta/169026/?ref=libero
https://www.agi.it/blog-italia/scienza/tumori_linfociti_yescarta_immunoterapia_come_funziona_farmaco-2274342/post/2017-10-20/
https://www.agi.it/blog-italia/ieo/yescarta_cancro_tumore_linfoma_genetica_linfociti_killer-2270511/post/2017-10-19/
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