Poliploidia / Polyploidy
Poliploidia / Polyploidy
Segnalato dal Dott. Giuseppe Cotellessa / Reported by Dr. Giuseppe Cotellessa
Un cariotipo poliploide presenta uno o più assetti cromosomici completi (o corredi cromosomici). La maggior parte degli eucarioti è diploide nelle cellule somatiche (2n) e aploide nei gameti quali spermatozoi o ovociti (n).
Parecchie piante grasse, così come quelle ornamentali, quelle da seme e molti alberi da frutto, sono poliploidi. La poliploidia è associata, in molti casi, alla sterilità per la difficoltà di appaiamento dei cromosomi durante la meiosi. L’effetto più visibile di questa condizione è la mancanza di semi nei frutti commestibili, come ad esempio nelle banane (3n).
Tra le piante poliploidi più conosciute sono comprese alcune varietà di piante ornamentali a fiori grandi, come giacinti, tulipani e narcisi; oltre a queste anche la patata, il frumento, il tabacco, le fragole le more, i lamponi ecc. In particolare, triploidi e tetraploidi presentano caratteristiche di maggiore pregio rispetto alle piante aploidi o diploidi relative soprattutto all’aumento del volume cellulare, del frutto, degli stami, ecc.
Nell’uomo la poliploidia è presente di norma solo in alcune linee cellulari, per esempio, nelle cellule del miocardio, nei megacariociti del midollo osseo, negli epatociti, ecc. Essa interessa l’1% circa dei concepimenti e rappresenta il 6% degli aborti spontanei causati da anomalia cromosomica. Infatti tale assetto cromosomico risulta molto sfavorevole per lo sviluppo dell’embrione quindi di solito la gravidanza si interrompe spontaneamente in epoca molto precoce.
La poliploidia è un fenomeno biologico comune e svolge un ruolo importante nella storia evolutiva delle piante. Quasi tutte le angiosperme hanno subito almeno un giro di duplicazione dell'intero genoma, nel corso della loro evoluzione. Gli organismi poliploidi sono classificati in autopoliploidi e allopoliploidi. Nel primo caso tutti i corredi presenti provengono dalla stessa specie, nel secondo da specie diverse (anche non affini). Molte colture, tra cui il frumento (alloesaploide), il cotone (allotetraploide), la colza (allotetraploide), la patata dolce (autotetraploide), il riso e il mais (paleopoliploidi) sono poliploidi. Inoltre, varie cultivar poliploidi sono presenti nelle piante da frutto, come la banana (triploide), l'uva (tetraploide), il kiwi e il cachi (esaploidi), la fragola (ottaploide).
Poliploidia e miglioramento.
Una ricerca sul Citrus.
I risultati.
ENGLISH
A polyploid karyotype has one or more complete chromosomal sets (or chromosomal sets). Most eukaryotes are diploid in somatic cells (2n) and haploid in gametes such as sperm or oocytes (n).
Many succulents, as well as ornamental, seed and many fruit trees, are polyploid. Polyploidy is associated, in many cases, with infertility due to the difficulty of pairing chromosomes during meiosis. The most visible effect of this condition is the lack of seeds in edible fruits, such as bananas (3n).
Among the best known polyploid plants are included some varieties of ornamental plants with large flowers, such as hyacinths, tulips and narcissus; in addition to these also potatoes, wheat, tobacco, strawberries, blackberries, raspberries, etc. In particular, triploids and tetraploids have characteristics of greater value than haploid or diploid plants relating above all to the increase in cell volume, fruit, stamens, etc.
In humans, polyploidy is usually present only in some cell lines, for example, in myocardial cells, bone marrow megakaryocytes, hepatocytes, etc. It affects about 1% of conception and accounts for 6% of spontaneous abortions caused by chromosomal abnormalities. In fact, this chromosomal structure is very unfavorable for the development of the embryo, so pregnancy usually stops spontaneously at a very early time.
Polyploidy is a common biological phenomenon and plays an important role in the evolutionary history of plants. Almost all angiosperms have undergone at least one round of genome-wide duplication in the course of their evolution. Polyploid organisms are classified into autopoliploids and allopolyploids. In the first case all the kits present come from the same species, in the second from different species (even non-related ones). Many crops, including wheat (alloesaploid), cotton (allotetraploid), canola (allotetraploid), sweet potato (autotetraploid), rice, and corn (paleopoliploid) are polyploid. In addition, various polyploid cultivars are present in fruit plants, such as banana (triploid), grape (tetraploid), kiwi and persimmon (hexaploid), strawberry (octaploid).
The phenotypic variations caused by polyploidization have the potential to improve agricultural productivity and efficiency, especially with regards to biomass increase and stress tolerance.
Polyploidy and improvement.
Polyploidy has a notable influence on the morphology and physiology of plant species. Compared to their corresponding diploids, autopoliploids tend to have larger cells, which cause the enlargement of individual organs, such as leaves, flowers and seeds. Physiological traits such as plant height, growth rate, flowering time and fertility can be altered by polyploidization.
A limited number of studies have been conducted on specific metabolites only and investigated the metabolic changes caused by autopolyploidy. Alkaloid production was enhanced with artificial autotetraploidy in Hyoscyamus niger. Essential oils have been observed to accumulate to a greater extent in autotetraploid plants (Cymbopogon).
Studies on autopolyploidization aimed at identifying alterations in the expression pattern of the genome are inferior to those on allopolyploidization. This is probably because it has long been seen less frequently and therefore considered less important.
A research on Citrus.
The genus Citrus is one of the most important in the world, from an agricultural and food point of view. However, citrus production is affected by many environmental stresses, including drought, salinity and extreme temperature. Improvement of Citrus by grafting is necessary to cope with these abiotic stresses. Ziyang Xiangcheng is a citrus rootstock native to southwestern China. It is believed to be a putative hybrid of Citrus × Ichangensis and Citrus reticulata. Due to its excellent performance against biotic and abiotic stresses, it has been widely used as a rootstock of citrus fruits in China. Citrus rootstocks are propagated through apomictic seeds genetically identical to the mother plant. Tetraploidization is common in apomictic citrus genotypes. Recent studies show that the doubling of the genome is often considered capable of giving plants a better adaptability to various environmental stresses. Therefore, researchers in a Chinese study hypothesized that rootstocks with a tetraploid genomic makeup should exhibit better stress tolerance performance than diploid rootstocks.
The results.
A first result was the observation of a distinct metabolic phenotype of tetraploids versus diploids. Many stresses related to metabolites such as sucrose, proline and GABA were better controlled in doubled diploids. However, less than 1% of the genes were differentially expressed between the doubled diploid and its diploid parent. Interestingly, these differently expressed genes were all closely related to stress response.
These results suggest that tetraploidization has multi-layered effects. Morphological and anatomical features, such as leaf thickness, number and density of stomata, were modified following tetraploidization. Usual situation is observed in the change of the metabolic phenotype. All these factors are related to the plant's response to stressful situations. This research published in March 2015 paves the way for new studies for the investigation of resistance mechanisms in plant species in the agricultural sector.
Da:
https://www.genomeup.com/Glossary/poliploidia/
https://www.aboutplants.eu/notizie/ecologia/poliploidia-come-meccanismo-di-resistenza
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