You’re Infected With the Coronavirus. But How Infected? / Sei stato infettato dal Coronavirus. Ma come infettato?
You’re Infected With the Coronavirus. But How Infected? / Sei stato infettato dal Coronavirus. Ma come infettato?
Segnalato dal Dott. Giuseppe Cotellessa / Reported by Dr. Giuseppe Cotellessa
As Covid-19 patients flood into hospitals nationwide,
doctors are facing an impossible question. Which patients in the E.R. are more
likely to deteriorate quickly, and which are most likely to fight off the virus
and to recover?
As it turns out, there may be a way to help distinguish
these two groups, although it is not yet widely employed. Dozens of research
papers published over the past few months found that people whose bodies were
teeming with the coronavirus more often became seriously ill and more likely to
die, compared with those who carried much less virus and were more likely to
emerge relatively unscathed.
The results suggest that knowing the so-called viral load —
the amount of virus in the body — could help doctors predict a patient’s
course, distinguishing those who may need an oxygen check just once a day, for
example, from those who need to be monitored more closely, said Dr. Daniel
Griffin, an infectious disease physician at Columbia University in New York.
Tracking viral loads “can actually help us stratify risk,”
Dr. Griffin said. The idea is not new: Managing viral load has long formed the
basis of care for people with H.I.V., for example, and for tamping down
transmission of that virus.
Little effort has been made to track viral loads in Covid-19
patients. This month, however, the Food and Drug Administration said clinical
labs might report not just whether a person was infected with the coronavirus,
but an estimate of how much virus was carried in their body.
This is not a change in policy — labs could have reported
this information all along, according to two senior F.D.A. officials who spoke
on the condition of anonymity because they were not authorized to speak
publicly about the matter.
Still, the news came as a welcome surprise to some experts,
who have for months pushed labs to record this information.
“This is a very important move by the F.D.A.,” said Dr.
Michael Mina, an epidemiologist at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health.
“I think it’s a step in the right direction to making the most use of one of
the only pieces of data we have for many positive individuals.”
The F.D.A.’s change followed a similar move by the Florida
Department of Health, which now requires all labs to report this information.
The omission of viral load from test results was a missed
opportunity not just to optimize strained clinical resources, but also to
better understand Covid-19, experts said. Analyzing the viral load soon after
exposure, for example, could help reveal whether people who die from Covid-19
are more likely to have high viral loads at the start of their illnesses.
And a study published in June showed that the viral load
decreases as the immune response surges, “just like you’d expect it to be for
any old virus,” said Dr. Alexander Greninger, a virologist at the University of
Washington in Seattle, who led the study.
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An uptick in the average viral load throughout entire
communities could indicate an epidemic on the rise. “We can get an idea of
whether the epidemic is growing or declining, without relying on case counts,”
said James Hay, a postdoctoral researcher in Dr. Mina’s lab.
Fortunately, data on viral load — or at least a rough
approximation of it — is readily available, built into results from the P.C.R.
tests that most labs use to diagnose a coronavirus infection.
A P.C.R. test is performed in “cycles,” each doubling the
amount of viral genetic material originally drawn from the patient’s sample.
The higher the initial viral load, the fewer cycles the test needs to find
genetic material and produce a signal.
A positive result at a low cycle threshold, or Ct, implies a
high viral load in the patient. If the test is not positive until many cycles
have been completed, the patient probably has a lower viral load.
Researchers at Weill Cornell Medicine in New York recorded
viral loads among more than 3,000 hospitalized Covid-19 patients on the day of
their admission. They found that 40 percent of patients with high viral loads —
whose tests were positive at a Ct of 25 or below — died while in the hospital,
compared with 15 percent of those with positive tests at higher Cts and
presumably lower viral loads.
In another study, the Nevada Department of Public Health
found an average Ct value of 23.4 in people who died from Covid-19, compared
with 27.5 in those who survived their illnesses. People who were asymptomatic
had an average value of 29.6, suggesting they carried much less virus than the
other two groups.
These numbers may seem to vary by very little, but they
correspond to millions of viral particles. “These are not subtle differences,”
Dr. Greninger said. A study from his lab showed that patients with a Ct of less
than 22 had more than four times the odds of dying within 30 days, compared
with those with a lower viral load.
But the use of Ct values to estimate viral load is a fraught
practice. Viral load measurements for H.I.V. are highly precise, because they
are based on blood samples. Tests for the coronavirus rely on swabbing the nose
or throat — a procedure that is subject to user error and whose results are
less consistent.
The amount of coronavirus in the body changes drastically
over the course of the infection. The levels rise from undetectable to yielding
positive test results in just hours, and viral loads continue to increase until
the immune response kicks in.
Then viral loads quickly decline. But viral fragments may
linger in the body, triggering positive test results long after the patient has
stopped being infectious and the illness has resolved.
Given this variability, capturing viral load at one point in
time may not be useful without more information about the trajectory of
illness, said Dr. Celine Gounder, an infectious disease specialist at Bellevue
Hospital Center and a member of the incoming administration’s coronavirus
advisory group.
“When on that curve are you measuring the viral load?” Dr.
Gounder asked.
The exact relationship between a Ct value and the
corresponding viral load can vary between tests. Rather than validate this
quantitative relationship for each machine, the F.D.A. authorized the tests to
deliver diagnoses based on a cutoff for the cycle threshold.
Most manufacturers conservatively set their machine’s
thresholds for diagnosis from 35 to 40, values that generally correspond to an
extremely low viral load. But the exact threshold for a positive result, or for
a specific Ct to indicate infectiousness, will depend on the instrument used.
“That’s why I get very anxious about a lot of these
assessments on the basis of Ct values,” said Susan Butler-Wu, director of
clinical microbiology at the University of Southern California.
“Certainly, it is a value that can be useful in certain
clinical circumstances,” Dr. Butler-Wu said, “but the idea that you can have a
unicorn Ct value that correlates perfectly with an infectious versus
noninfectious state makes me very nervous.”
Other experts acknowledged these limitations, but said the
benefit from recording Ct values outweighed the concerns.
“All of those are valid points when looking at an individual
patient’s test results, but it doesn’t change the fact that on average, when
you look at the admission test results of these Ct values, they really identify
patients at high risk of decompensating and dying,” said Dr. Michael Satlin, an
infectious diseases physician and lead researcher of the Weill Cornell study.
Dr. Satlin said adjusting his team’s results for duration of
symptoms and several other variables did not alter the high risk of death in
patients with high viral loads. “No matter how you try to adjust,
statistically, this association is extremely strong and will not go away,” he
said.
At a population level, too, Ct values can be valuable during
a pandemic, Dr. Hay said. High viral loads in a large group of patients can
indicate recent exposure to the virus, signaling a nascent surge in community
transmission.
“This could be a great surveillance tool for less
well-resourced settings who need to understand the epidemic trajectory, but do
not have the capacity to carry out regular, random testing,” Dr. Hay said.
Over all, he and others said, viral load information is too
valuable a metric to be ignored or discarded without analysis.
“One of the things that’s been tough in this pandemic is
everybody wants to do evidence-based medicine and wants to go at the appropriate
speed,” Dr. Greninger said. “But we also should expect certain things to be
true, like more virus is usually not good.”
Researchers at Weill Cornell Medicine in New York recorded
viral loads among more than 3,000 hospitalized Covid-19 patients on the day of
their admission. They found that 40 percent of patients with high viral loads —
whose tests were positive at a Ct of 25 or below — died while in the hospital,
compared with 15 percent of those with positive tests at higher Cts and
presumably lower viral loads.
Doctors observed a Covid patient in the I.C.U.
Data on viral
load, or at least an approximation of it, is readily available in the results
from P.C.R. tests, which most labs use to diagnose infection.Credit...Jae C.
Hong/Associated Press
In another study, the Nevada Department of Public Health
found an average Ct value of 23.4 in people who died from Covid-19, compared
with 27.5 in those who survived their illnesses. People who were asymptomatic
had an average value of 29.6, suggesting they carried much less virus than the
other two groups.
These numbers may seem to vary by very little, but they
correspond to millions of viral particles. “These are not subtle differences,”
Dr. Greninger said. A study from his lab showed that patients with a Ct of less
than 22 had more than four times the odds of dying within 30 days, compared
with those with a lower viral load.
But the use of Ct values to estimate viral load is a fraught
practice. Viral load measurements for H.I.V. are highly precise, because they
are based on blood samples. Tests for the coronavirus rely on swabbing the nose
or throat — a procedure that is subject to user error and whose results are
less consistent.
The amount of coronavirus in the body changes drastically
over the course of the infection. The levels rise from undetectable to yielding
positive test results in just hours, and viral loads continue to increase until
the immune response kicks in.
Then viral loads quickly decline. But viral fragments may
linger in the body, triggering positive test results long after the patient has
stopped being infectious and the illness has resolved.
Given this variability, capturing viral load at one point in
time may not be useful without more information about the trajectory of
illness, said Dr. Celine Gounder, an infectious disease specialist at Bellevue
Hospital Center and a member of the incoming administration’s coronavirus
advisory group.
“When on that curve are you measuring the viral load?” Dr.
Gounder asked.
The exact relationship between a Ct value and the
corresponding viral load can vary between tests. Rather than validate this
quantitative relationship for each machine, the F.D.A. authorized the tests to
deliver diagnoses based on a cutoff for the cycle threshold.
Most manufacturers conservatively set their machine’s
thresholds for diagnosis from 35 to 40, values that generally correspond to an
extremely low viral load. But the exact threshold for a positive result, or for
a specific Ct to indicate infectiousness, will depend on the instrument used.
“That’s why I get very anxious about a lot of these
assessments on the basis of Ct values,” said Susan Butler-Wu, director of
clinical microbiology at the University of Southern California.
“Certainly, it is a value that can be useful in certain
clinical circumstances,” Dr. Butler-Wu said, “but the idea that you can have a
unicorn Ct value that correlates perfectly with an infectious versus
noninfectious state makes me very nervous.”
Other experts acknowledged these limitations, but said the
benefit from recording Ct values outweighed the concerns.
“All of those are valid points when looking at an individual
patient’s test results, but it doesn’t change the fact that on average, when
you look at the admission test results of these Ct values, they really identify
patients at high risk of decompensating and dying,” said Dr. Michael Satlin, an
infectious diseases physician and lead researcher of the Weill Cornell study.
Dr. Satlin said adjusting his team’s results for duration of
symptoms and several other variables did not alter the high risk of death in
patients with high viral loads. “No matter how you try to adjust,
statistically, this association is extremely strong and will not go away,” he
said.
At a population level, too, Ct values can be valuable during
a pandemic, Dr. Hay said. High viral loads in a large group of patients can
indicate recent exposure to the virus, signaling a nascent surge in community
transmission.
“This could be a great surveillance tool for less
well-resourced settings who need to understand the epidemic trajectory, but do
not have the capacity to carry out regular, random testing,” Dr. Hay said.
Over all, he and others said, viral load information is too
valuable a metric to be ignored or discarded without analysis.
“One of the things that’s been tough in this pandemic is
everybody wants to do evidence-based medicine and wants to go at the
appropriate speed,” Dr. Greninger said. “But we also should expect certain
things to be true, like more virus is usually not good.”
ITALIANO
Conoscere la quantità di virus trasportati nel corpo potrebbe aiutare i medici a prevedere il decorso della malattia di un paziente.
Mentre i pazienti Covid-19 si riversano negli ospedali a
livello nazionale, i medici si trovano ad affrontare una domanda impossibile.
Quali pazienti al pronto soccorso hanno maggiori probabilità di deteriorarsi
rapidamente e quali hanno maggiori probabilità di combattere il virus e di
riprendersi?
A quanto pare, potrebbe esserci un modo per aiutare a
distinguere questi due gruppi, sebbene non sia ancora ampiamente utilizzato.
Decine di articoli di ricerca pubblicati nel corso degli ultimi mesi, hanno
scoperto che le persone i cui corpi sono stati con alti valori di coronavirus
più spesso è diventato seriamente malato e con più probabilità di morire , rispetto
a coloro che sono stati infettati con meno virus e avevano più probabilità di emergere
relativamente indenne.
I risultati suggeriscono che conoscere la cosiddetta carica
virale - la quantità di virus nel corpo - potrebbe aiutare i medici a prevedere
il decorso di un paziente, distinguendo coloro che potrebbero aver bisogno di
un controllo dell'ossigeno solo una volta al giorno, ad esempio, da quelli che
devono essere.monitorati più da vicino, ha detto il dottor Daniel Griffin, un
medico di malattie infettive presso la Columbia University di New York.
Il monitoraggio delle cariche virali "può
effettivamente aiutarci a stratificare il rischio", ha detto il dottor
Griffin. L'idea non è nuova: la gestione della carica virale ha costituito da
tempo la base per l'assistenza alle persone con HIV, ad esempio, e per ridurre
la trasmissione di quel virus.
Continua a leggere la storia principale
Questo non è un cambiamento nella politica: i laboratori avrebbero potuto riportare queste informazioni fin dall'inizio, secondo due alti funzionari della FDA che hanno parlato a condizione di anonimato perché non erano autorizzati a parlare pubblicamente della questione.
Un aumento della carica virale media in intere comunità
potrebbe indicare un'epidemia in aumento . "Possiamo avere un'idea se
l'epidemia sta crescendo o diminuendo, senza fare affidamento sul conteggio dei
casi", ha detto James Hay, un ricercatore post-dottorato nel laboratorio
del Dr. Mina.
I ricercatori della Weill Cornell Medicine di New York hanno
registrato cariche virali tra oltre 3.000 pazienti con Covid-19 ospedalizzati
il giorno del loro ricovero. Hanno scoperto che il 40% dei pazienti con
elevate cariche virali - i cui test sono risultati positivi a un Ct di 25 o
inferiore - sono morti mentre erano in ospedale , rispetto al 15% di quelli con
test positivi a Cts più alti e presumibilmente con inferiori cariche virali.
I medici hanno osservato un paziente Covid in terapia
intensiva I dati sulla carica virale, o almeno una sua approssimazione, sono
prontamente disponibili nei risultati dei test PCR, che la maggior parte dei
laboratori utilizza per diagnosticare l'infezione
In un altro studio, il Dipartimento della sanità pubblica
del Nevada ha riscontrato un valore Ct medio di 23,4 nelle persone morte per
Covid-19, rispetto al 27,5 in coloro che sono sopravvissuti alle loro malattie.
Le persone asintomatiche avevano un valore medio di 29,6, suggerendo che
trasportavano molto meno virus rispetto agli altri due gruppi.
Ha chiesto il dottor Gounder.
Piuttosto che convalidare questa relazione quantitativa per ciascuna macchina, la FDA ha autorizzato i test a fornire diagnosi basate su un taglio per la soglia del ciclo.
Ma la soglia esatta per un risultato positivo, o per uno specifico Ct per indicare l'infettività , dipenderà dallo strumento utilizzato.
Da:
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/29/health/coronavirus-viral-load.html?campaign_id=34&emc=edit_sc_20201229&instance_id=25475&nl=science-times®i_id=94777787&segment_id=47960&te=1&user_id=b1804e14bf4d0bb4e28a351345775cdf
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