Acidi Grassi Polinsaturi (PUFA) ed Essenziali (AGE) / Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA) and Essential Fatty Acids (AGE)
Acidi Grassi Polinsaturi (PUFA) ed Essenziali (AGE) / Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA) and Essential Fatty Acids (AGE)
Cosa sono gli acidi grassi polinsaturi?
Gli acidi grassi polinsaturi (PUFA) sono acidi grassi caratterizzati da più di un doppio legame lungo la catena carboniosa.
Quelli che hanno un solo doppio legame vengono detti monoinsaturi (MUFA) e, in assenza di doppi legami, gli acidi grassi sono detti saturi.
Acidi grassi polinsaturi essenziali
Al gruppo degli acidi grassi polinsaturi si attribuisce un elevato pregio nutrizionale; questo perchè alcuni di essi non possono essere sintetizzati autonomamente dall'organismo e, pertanto, vengono definiti essenziali.
Sono EFA rispettivamente:
- acido alfa-linolenico (ALA - 18:3n-3), un omega 3 (ω-3) essenziale;
- acido linoleico (LA - 18:2n-6), un omega 6 (ω-6) essenziale.
Acidi grassi polinsaturi semi-essenziali
Per quanto essenziali, ALA e LA non vengono direttamente implicati nei vari ruoli biologici a monte dei quali esercitano il ruolo di precursori. A godere della "vera e propria" attività metabolica sono invece i loro derivati; rispettivamente:
- acido eicosapentaenoico (EPA - 20:5n-3), un omega 3 semi-essenziale – prodotto dall'ALA;
- acido docosaesaenoico (DHA - 22:6n-3), un omega 3 semi-essenziale – prodotto dall'ALA;
- acido gamma-linolenico (GLA - 18:3n-6), un omega 6 semi-essenziale – prodotto dal LA;
- acido diomo-gamma-linolenico (DGLA - 20:3n-6), un omega 6 semi-essenziale – prodotto dal LA;
- acido arachidonico (AA - 20:4n-6), un omega 6 semi-essenziale – prodotto dal LA.
Classificazione
Come si suddividono i PUFA?
Gli acidi grassi polinsaturi possono essere classificati in vari gruppi, a seconda della loro struttura chimica:
- polieni interrotti con metilene;
- acidi grassi coniugati;
- altri PUFA.
In base alla lunghezza della catena carboniosa, a volte, vengono anche differenziati in due insiemi:
- acidi grassi polinsaturi a catena corta (SC-PUFA), con 16 o 20 atomi di carbonio;
- acidi grassi polinsaturi a catena lunga (LC-PUFA), con più di 18 atomi di carbonio.
Polieni interrotti con metilene
Questi PUFA hanno 2 o più doppi legami cis separati uno dall'altro da un singolo ponte metilenico (-CH2-). Questa forma è anche definita modello difenilmetano.
Ruolo Biologico
Ruolo biologico degli acidi grassi polinsaturi essenziali
Gli effetti biologici e le funzioni svolte all'interno dell'organismo di ω-3 e ω-6 sono ampiamente mediati dal livello dietetico, dal loro rapporto e dalle interazioni che ne derivano.
L'elaborazione metabolica di omega 3 e omega 6 – nelle loro forme semi-essenziali ma biologicamente più attive di cui sopra – è essenziale per la sintesi di:
- Eicosanoidi: mediatori dell'infiammazione e di molte altre funzioni cellulari;
- Endocannabinoidi: che influenzano l'umore, il comportamento ed anch'essi l'infiammazione;
- Lipossine: derivati degli eicosanoidi che si formano attraverso la via della lipossigenasi (da ω-6) e della resolvina (da ω-3) in presenza di acido acetilsalicilico, inibendo l'infiammazione;
- isofurani, neurofurani, isoprostani, epossiline, acidi epossiicosatrienoici (EET) e la neuroprotectina D;
- Formano zattere lipidiche (combinazioni di glicosfingolipidi, colesterolo e recettori proteici) che influenzano la segnalazione cellulare;
- Agiscono sul DNA, attivando o inibendo i fattori di trascrizione come il NF-κB, collegato alla produzione di citochine pro-infiammatorie.
ENGLISH
What are polyunsaturated fatty acids?
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are fatty acids characterized by more than one double bond along the carbon chain.
Those that have only one double bond are called monounsaturated (MUFA) and, in the absence of double bonds, fatty acids are called saturated.
Essential polyunsaturated fatty acids
The group of polyunsaturated fatty acids is attributed a high nutritional value; this is because some of them cannot be synthesized autonomously by the body and, therefore, are defined as essential.
They are EFA respectively:
alpha-linolenic acid (ALA - 18:3n-3), an essential omega 3 (ω-3);
linoleic acid (LA - 18:2n-6), an essential omega 6 (ω-6).
Semi-essential polyunsaturated fatty acids
Although essential, ALA and LA are not directly implicated in the various biological roles upstream of which they play the role of precursors. Instead, their derivatives enjoy the "real" metabolic activity; respectively:
eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA - 20:5n-3), a semi-essential omega 3 – produced from ALA;
docosahexaenoic acid (DHA - 22:6n-3), a semi-essential omega 3 – produced from ALA;
gamma-linolenic acid (GLA - 18:3n-6), a semi-essential omega 6 – produced from LA;
dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA - 20:3n-6), a semi-essential omega 6 – produced from LA;
arachidonic acid (AA - 20:4n-6), a semi-essential omega 6 – produced from LA.
Classification
How are PUFAs divided?
Polyunsaturated fatty acids can be classified into various groups, depending on their chemical structure:
methylene interrupted polyenes;
conjugated fatty acids;
other PUFA.
Based on the length of the carbon chain, they are sometimes also differentiated into two sets:
short-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (SC-PUFA), with 16 or 20 carbon atoms;
long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA), with more than 18 carbon atoms.
Polyenes interrupted with methylene
These PUFAs have 2 or more cis double bonds separated from each other by a single methylene bridge (-CH2-). This form is also called the diphenylmethane model.
Biological role
Biological role of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids
The biological effects and functions performed within the organism of ω-3 and ω-6 are largely mediated by the dietary level, their ratio and the resulting interactions.
The metabolic processing of omega 3 and omega 6 – in their semi-essential but biologically more active forms above – is essential for the synthesis of:
Eicosanoids: mediators of inflammation and many other cellular functions;
Endocannabinoids: which influence mood, behavior and also inflammation;
Lipoxins: derivatives of eicosanoids that are formed through the lipoxygenase (from ω-6) and resolvin (from ω-3) pathway in the presence of acetylsalicylic acid, inhibiting inflammation;
isofurans, neurofurans, isoprostanes, epoxylins, epoxyicosatrienoic acids (EETs) and neuroprotectin D;
They form lipid rafts (combinations of glycosphingolipids, cholesterol, and protein receptors) that influence cell signaling;
They act on DNA, activating or inhibiting transcription factors such as NF-κB, linked to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
Thermal degradation
Polyunsaturated fatty acids present in foods and oils used in cooking undergo oxidative deterioration already at temperatures of 150°C (302°F).
Heating causes a free radical chain reaction, which oxidizes PUFA to hydroperoxide, which further decomposes into a complex mixture of secondary products.
AGE sources
Which foods provide omega 3 and omega 6?
Essential fatty acids are contained in both animal and plant foods.
The contribution of AGEs from products deriving from the mushroom kingdom is less relevant.
The kingdom of bacteria, however, does not show any interesting data regarding the phylum Bacteria, but highlights how cyanobacteria (blue algae or blue-green algae p cyanophyceae) can represent a non-negligible source of ω-3 EPA and DHA.
However, omega 3 and omega 6 are not all the same. The truly essential precursors [alpha linolenic acid (ω-3) and linoleic acid (ω-6)], although not biologically active, are typical of plant-based foods.
The semi-essential and biologically active derivatives of ω-3 (EPA and DHA), however, are more abundant in animal products. The distribution of semi-essential ω-6s, however (gamma-linolenic acid, dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid, arachidonic acid), is more heterogeneous.
Substantial differences can also be seen between one species and another. Furthermore, considering both fishery products and terrestrial animals, it is clear that the habitat, lifestyle and above all diet have a decisive impact on the lipid chemical profile.
Speaking of pig, chicken, turkey, bull and cow (Taurus species), sheep, goat, horse etc., coming from breeding, it is not possible to create a real line of uniformity. This is also why it is always recommended to constantly vary food sources.
The same goes for vegetables, fruits and seeds; stating that these foods are a predominantly rich source of one or another fatty acid would imply a non-negligible basic error.
But how does the conversion from an essential to a biologically active essential occur? Thanks to enzymatic processes widespread in the vast majority of higher organisms, although with different effectiveness depending on the species.
That said, the omega 3 and omega 6 maturation pathways share the same enzymes; this means that alpha-linolenic and linoleic acids compete for the same biological catalysts.
It must be said that omega 6 seem to have a "greater metabolic affinity", a sort of precedence compared to omega 3; also because, generally, they are much more abundant in the diet.
It is therefore with the aim of not penalizing the synthesis of EPA and DHA that it is always recommended not to exceed - in absolute and also percentage terms - with food sources of omega 6, to the advantage instead of those that provide the aforementioned semi-essentials biologically active the ω-3 group.
It's always better not to overdo it
However, this advice should not be misunderstood. Even the excess of biologically active essential polyunsaturates is not to be considered positive for the state of health.
First of all because, if we exclude the use of food supplements, this would involve an abuse of fishery products; in this case it would also be imperative to consider the state of conservation and therefore the "integrity" of the same.
Secondly, because we cannot exclude that the overabundance of EPA and DHA could push the body to reverse the process by transforming them into alpha linolenic acid.
Extraordinary levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the blood are not to be considered a positive factor, because they are "delicate" and easily perishable lipids. The risk would increase if the nutritional sources of these were in a questionable state of conservation.
As a general rule, it is recommended that total PUFAs do not exceed 15% of normocaloric needs – which is already an exceptionally high level.
Vegetarian diet
AGE in the vegetarian diet
We have said that biologically active omega-3 molecules are peculiar to sources of animal origin.
So are vegetarians at risk of EPA and DHA deficiency? Depends.
If we were talking about a lacto-ovo-vegetarian, combining the intrinsic metabolic capacity for conversion with the intake of milk and egg yolk, we could say that the risk of deficiency is rather moderate - even if, as always, it depends on the requirement personal (greater in pregnant women, nurses, children and the elderly).
For vegans the situation is a little different. They are almost always advised to supplement with products based on cyanobacteria / microalgae, today the only known source of EPA and DHA. A valid alternative is to prefer fortified foods, obviously with the same ingredients.
Logically, these recommendations are more important for subjects with increased needs compared to average.
How to detect AGE deficiency?
With a simple hematological investigation, in which the levels of AGEs in circulating lipids and those present in the cell membranes of red blood cells and platelets will be measured.
Integrate with AGE
How much and how to integrate with AGE?
For a few years now, recommendations on minimum desirable levels of AGE have changed.
Let's specify right away that, regarding omega 6, there is usually no need to supplement.
For omega 3 EPA and DHA however, the situation is different. We have already specified which groups are at risk of deficiency, i.e. those with greater needs and who could be more affected by a metabolic deficit of these nutrients.
Until recently, the LARNs recommended ensuring an AGE level equal to 2.5% of the normocaloric requirement; of these respectively 2.0% from omega 6 and 0.5% from omega 3 (at least 250 mg in EPA and DHA, and the rest in ALA).
Today, recommendations for pregnant women, nurses, children and the elderly are more specific regarding the supplemental amount of EPA and DHA.
The right ratio between omega 6 and omega 3 would therefore be 4:1 – making sure, however, to stay away from the 10:1 threshold.
Da:
https://www.my-personaltrainer.it/nutrizione/acidi-grassi-polinsaturi.html
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